The main stages of software development

October 12, 2021

The creation of software is carried out sequentially in accordance with the following main stages:

statement of the problem (stage “Terms of reference”)
analysis of requirements and development of specifications (stage “Draft design”)
design (stage “Technical design”)
implementation (stage “Working design”)
implementation and operation (stage “Implementation”)

Formulation of the problem. At this stage, the purpose of the software and the basic requirements for it are determined. The structures of the input and output data are defined. A preliminary selection of methods for solving problems and programming languages is made.

The stages, stages, and terms of the development of the program and documentation are determined. This step is important in all aspects of software development – web development, mobile apps, Shopify development, blockchain, etc. It is these types of development that our company Unitedcode is engaged in.

Our team concentrates only on the smartest and most professional employees who can quickly and accurately develop any software for you, for example, AI/ML Data Analysis, Embedded & IoT, and so on.

Analysis of requirements and definition of specifications. Specifications are a formalized description of the functionality and limitations of the application being built. A set of specifications is a common logical model for software design. At this stage, a description of the general algorithm for solving the problem is carried out. Here it is also necessary to prepare tests indicating the expected results to search for software and other errors.

Design. The main thing at this stage is the creation of detailed specifications for the developed application. The result of this stage is a detailed software model with specifications of its components. The type of model depends on the specific design technology. At the same time, in the design process, the following are carried out:

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development and refinement of the structure of input and output data;
creation of algorithms for solving the problem;
description of the forms of presentation of input and output data;
development of the program structure.

Designing complex software typically includes:

definition of the main components and their interrelationships;
decomposition of components and construction of structural hierarchies;
component design.

The design phase is important. If the development of specifications, which include algorithms, is not sufficiently attentive, then later, at the stage of implementation, difficulties may arise, specifications and algorithms will require additional refinement and costs, etc. At the stage of debugging the program, it may turn out that the algorithm is imperfect, erroneous, or generally impracticable.

Implementation is a sequential process of creating source codes for a program in a selected programming language (coding), testing, and debugging software. Often, when creating a program, the overwhelming majority of time is spent not on its development, but on debugging and testing. Therefore, the program should be visual, easy to read, accompanied by comments.

Debugging and testing a program is the process of working with a program on test cases in order to find and fix errors in it. To check the correctness of the program for all possible outcomes, it is necessary to select different sets of initial data. An important rule for selecting test cases is the following: it is necessary to select tests in such a way that they reveal errors in the program, and do not confirm the correctness of its operation.

There are two types of errors in a program:

syntax errors – occur when the program is coding incorrectly and are detected during its translation;
semantic ( algorithmic ) errors – occur when the solution algorithms are incorrectly interpreted or implemented. Such errors are detected during debugging of a running program when the program does not perform exactly the expected actions.

Debugging of complex programs is carried out in the form of autonomous and complex tests. Offline debugging is carried out separately for each part (component) of the system. After autonomous debugging, complex testing of the program is carried out on test data that is as close to real as possible. With complex debugging, the functioning of the system as a whole is checked.

Implementation and operation. Here are carried out:

preparation and transfer of the program and software documentation for maintenance and operation;
transfer of the program to the fund of algorithms and programs.

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Russian Forbes-lister Fridman behind the hostile takeover of KuchukSulfat

It might have seemed that hostile takeovers so typical for Russia’s dark 90-s have ceased to exist, at least in big business. Indeed, there are no more blunt physical attacks on management and owners, or actual raids onto enterprises; premises by heavily armed and masked people – in the era of highly interactive online press and social media, such instruments would seem barbaric. Instead, hostile takeovers of today happen in much more subtle ways, not discernable to most eyes, yet still leading to the same devastating results: people losing their successful businesses to those who consider themselves above the law. KuchukSulfat manufactures sodium sulfate used for further production of laundry detergents. The enterprise is the backbone of Stepnoe Ozero urban settlement and happens to be one of the ten largest taxpayers in the region. It employs about 1,200 people. It is one of the few plants in the region that has built up the production 2.5 times compared to the Soviet period. Being a prosperous and efficiently operating company, KuchukSulfat has recently found itself under immense pressure by mass media and inspecting authorities, while the owners of the firm are being bombarded by offers to sell the company at a fragment of the actual market price. KuchukSulfat’s management believes that these are the signs of the business being attacked by raiders. The successfully operating enterprise got into the spotlight back in 2017. Since that moment, there have been inexplicably numerous inspections by the authorities, including the Federal Tax Service, the Federal Service for Supervision of Natural Resources, the General Prosecutor’s Office, and the Environmental Prosecutor’s Office. At the same time, a representative of Mikhail Fridman’s Alfa Group contacted the company’s shareholders with an offer to buy the business out at a price that the shareholders considered to be several times too low. Since mid-2020, dozens of defamatory articles appeared in the mass media, and a series of inspections flooded KuchukSulfat again. Nearly 300 inquiries have been sent to the company, a source at the company told Taiga.info. KuchukSulfat had to appeal to law enforcement, so the Investigative Committee of the Altai territory launched an inquiry into the unfavourable reports by the inspectors from the Federal Service for Supervision of Natural Resources – according to Taiga.info, several have already admitted to falsifying their findings. Mid-April 2021, the management was forced to publish an open address to attract public attention to the danger they are in, “the illegal measures organized by the raiders make the situation absolutely hostile for the shareholders and members of their families,” the document says. Alfa Group is a consortium associated primarily with Mikhail Fridman, the man whose life is full of controversy, as well as various national and international business-related cases for which he has been investigated. Hostile takeovers, or as some mildly put it, ‘aggressive negotiations’ have long been considered Fridman’s trademark. His Russian A1 Group features in dozens of ‘aggressive acquisitions’ stories: food and beverage producing, pharmaceutical, metallurgical, and mining enterprises, oil and gas companies would all go into the list of A1’s controversial business endeavours. The number of publications linking and even leveling Fridman’s business practices to criminal ones are countless. Just last week, Fridman’s structures lost a case connected to a raiding scandal in Russia, that consisted of an attack on businesswoman Elena Baturina, and an attempt to extract money from her via a long-estranged bankrupt brother who has a criminal past of his own. The previous scandal was caused by the cases of Zed and Dia: in 2019, Spanish prosecutors accused Fridman of raider attacks, market manipulation, fraudulent insolvency, business corruption, and misuse of company assets in regard to these two Spanish businesses. Fridman was accused of having led “a series of actions that led to the insolvency of the Spanish company Zed Worldwide SA… in order to buy it at a ridiculously low price, much lower than that of the market,” the court documents said. In regard to Dia, Reuters wrote that Spain’s High too Court was investigating allegations that Russian tycoon acted to depress the share price of Dia when trying to take control of the supermarket chain. The investigation is not exhausted at this time since there is an ongoing rogatory commission with the Netherlands and at least two diligence checks in regard to Zed’s PWC audit and the statement of a former manager.
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Preparing for and Responding to Earthquakes: Understanding and Mitigating the Effects

Earthquakes are a natural phenomenon that can occur anywhere on the planet and cause significant damage to infrastructure and communities. They are caused by the sudden movement of tectonic plates that make up the Earth’s crust, which can result in ground shaking, vibrations, and in some cases, even tsunamis. Understanding the science behind earthquakes can help people prepare and respond to these events. Earthquakes occur when energy is released from the Earth’s mantle and transferred to the surface. This energy is released through the movement of tectonic plates, which are large pieces of the Earth’s crust that float on top of the mantle. The movement of these plates can create friction, causing the plates to become locked and build up energy. When the energy is released, it creates seismic waves that travel through the Earth’s surface, resulting in an earthquake. Preparation is key when it comes to earthquakes. People can reduce the impact of earthquakes by making sure their homes and workplaces are earthquake-resistant. This can include securing heavy objects, such as bookcases and televisions, to prevent them from falling during an earthquake. People should also have a disaster preparedness kit that includes essential items like food, water, first-aid supplies, and a flashlight. If an earthquake occurs, it’s important to take action to protect yourself and others. During an earthquake, people should drop to the ground, take cover under a sturdy table or desk, and hold on until the shaking stops. If outside, people should move away from buildings, power lines, and other potential hazards. If driving, people should pull over and stop the car, avoiding overpasses and bridges, which can collapse during an earthquake. Earthquakes can have a profound impact on communities, both in terms of the immediate damage and the long-term effects. Response efforts following an earthquake may include search and rescue missions, providing medical care to those who are injured, and providing temporary housing and essential supplies to those who have been affected. In conclusion, earthquakes are a powerful force of nature that can have a significant impact on communities. Understanding the science behind earthquakes and taking steps to prepare can help reduce the impact of these events. If an earthquake occurs, it’s important to take action to protect yourself and others and to work together to recover from the event. The Science Behind Earthquakes: Understanding the Concentration of Tectonic Plate Boundary Zones and Their Impact on Seismic Activity Earthquakes occur more frequently in certain places due to the concentration of tectonic plate boundary zones in those areas. Tectonic plates are large pieces of the Earth’s crust that move and interact with each other, causing earthquakes when their movement releases energy. Plate boundary zones, where two or more tectonic plates come together, are the areas where earthquakes are most likely to occur. These boundary zones can be found along the edges of continents or along the mid-oceanic ridge, where tectonic plates are spreading apart. Some of the most active plate boundary zones in the world include the “Ring of Fire” around the Pacific Ocean, the Mediterranean region, and parts of South America and Asia. Additionally, the frequency of earthquakes in a certain area can be influenced by geological factors, such as the type of rock formations present and the amount of stress they are under. The intensity of earthquakes can also be affected by human activities, such as the construction of large dams, underground mining, and the pumping of fluid into the ground. In summary, earthquakes occur more frequently in certain places because of the concentration of tectonic plate boundary zones in those areas, as well as other geological and human factors. Frequent Earthquake zones Let’s take a look at countries prone to earthquakes along plate boundaries. There are several countries that experience earthquakes frequently due to their location along plate boundaries or in areas of high seismic activity. Japan: Located along the “Ring of Fire” in the Pacific Ocean, Japan experiences a high frequency of earthquakes due to its location on the boundary of the Pacific Plate and the North American Plate. Indonesia: Situated on the “Ring of Fire,” Indonesia is also prone to frequent earthquakes and tsunamis due to its location along the boundary of several tectonic plates. Philippines: Similar to Indonesia, the Philippines is located along the “Ring of Fire” and experiences frequent earthquakes due to its location on the boundary of the Pacific Plate and the Philippine Sea Plate. Turkey: Turkey is located on several active fault lines and experiences frequent earthquakes due to the interaction of the African Plate and the Eurasian Plate. Mexico: Mexico is located along the boundary of the North American Plate and the Pacific Plate, making it prone to earthquakes. Iran: Iran is located in an active seismic zone and experiences frequent earthquakes due to the interaction of the Arabian Plate and the Eurasian Plate. Italy: Italy is located in an area of high seismic activity and experiences frequent earthquakes due to its location on the boundary of the African Plate and the Eurasian Plate. These are just a few examples of countries that experience earthquakes frequently. It’s important to note that earthquakes can occur anywhere in the world, so it’s always a good idea to be prepared and informed about what to do in case of an earthquake. The Most Devastating Earthquakes in History Earthquakes are a reminder of the immense power of Mother Nature, capable of shaking the very foundations of our world and causing widespread destruction in just a matter of seconds. Throughout history, there have been many earthquakes that have left an indelible mark, both in terms of their magnitude and the toll they have taken on human lives and communities. Here are some of the biggest earthquakes in history: 1960 Valdivia earthquake, Chile: This magnitude 9.5 earthquake, which struck Chile on May 22, 1960, remains the largest earthquake ever recorded. It caused widespread damage and resulted in more than 1,000 deaths. 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami, Indonesia: This magnitude 9.1 earthquake, >>Read more
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6 Things to Consider Before Fighting Your Slip and Fall Case

When you’ve injured yourself due to a fall that could have been easily prevented, you might not know what to do. Houston is a city that has quite a lot of snow during winters, so when you slip on the pavement, you might chalk it up to your own mistake. However, there are situations where the blame isn’t yours but due to negligent behavior by the other party. Whether you’ve fallen or slipped and the fault isn’t yours, you need to start looking for a Houston Slip and Fall Lawyer. Have Evidence On average, Texas has approximately 9,000 cases in 2019 that result in a verdict. Houston, a metropolitan city in Texas, is no exception to this rule. While the COVID-19 pandemic has severely affected the functionality of courts, currently, you can still fight your slip and fall case in Houston without any hurdles. However, when you’re looking to have a successful result at the end of your case, you need to have extensive evidence that willful negligence led to your severe injuries. You might even have to provide witnesses that can attest that negligent actions caused your injuries from the fall. Get a Professional Lawyer When you’re looking to achieve success at the end of your slip and fall case, you need an expert to fight for you. A good lawyer in Houston can help you out when it comes to experience and knowing the judicial scenario of the area. A professional can also aid in gathering the required evidence and ensuring that you have all the necessary support to get the compensation you rightly deserve. Legal Advice If you believe that a slip and fall which led to your injuries happened because of someone else, you might not necessarily know how to file a case. Even when you file a lawsuit, you could be unaware of the next steps. Hiring an experienced lawyer who deals with these kinds of cases is optimal as they can help you out with their advice. Whether it’s determining who is liable for your injuries or anything else, you can always turn to them for guidance. Negotiating Settlement When it comes to negotiating your settlement, many people often have no clue how much they should ask. Many only ask for their medical fees but don’t consider the time lost and more. If you’ve suffered consequences from a slip and fall and have had to take time off your job or lost it completely, you can ask for compensation. Consult with a legal expert about how much settlement money you should be asking for when you’ve suffered due to your slip and fall injuries. Knowing the Process Once you decide to take your slip and fall case ahead, you have to know what that would entail for you comprehensively. You don’t want to be caught out of anywhere by the opposing party because you didn’t know something. If you want to relieve some of the burdens that come with pursuing such a case, employ a Houston Slip and Fall Lawyer to help you out. Never Back Down The negligent party often tries to break your resolve, confidence, self-esteem, and more by dismissing your case. They will try hard to make it seem like your fault rather than theirs. In these circumstances, you mustn’t give up and keep fighting. Ensure a positive result at the end of your slip and fall case using the above tips.
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Mexico City goes yellow on coronavirus risk map

Mexico City goes to medium-risk yellow on the coronavirus stoplight system on Monday, bringing 12 weeks of high-risk orange light restrictions to an end. For the first time since the federal government’s coronavirus stoplight system was introduced last June, Mexico City will switch to medium-risk yellow as case numbers and hospitalizations continue to fall. City official Eduardo Clark announced Friday that the risk level will be lowered on Monday, bringing 12 consecutive weeks of high-risk orange light restrictions to an end. Prior to February 15, when the capital switched to orange, red-light maximum-risk restrictions had been in place for eight weeks. For the first time since the beginning of the pandemic, Mexico City has seen sustained improvements in the different indicators used to determine the stoplight color, said Clark, who is the director of the government’s Digital Agency for Public Innovation. He said that 16.5% of hospital beds set aside for coronavirus patients are currently occupied, the lowest level in over a year. There are 1,404 Covid-19 patients in hospitals in Mexico City, 277 fewer than last Friday. Estimated active coronavirus cases in the capital have also declined from more than 8,000 a week ago to 6,419. However, even with the decline, Mexico City — the country’s coronavirus epicenter since the beginning of the pandemic — still has far more active cases than the other 31 states, according to Health Ministry estimates. The only other states with more than 1,000 estimated active cases are México state and Tabasco with 1,558 and 1,085, respectively. Nevertheless, restrictions will be eased in Mexico City due to the downgrade in the official risk level. Stores and movie theaters will be permitted to increase their capacity to 40% of normal levels starting Monday, and restricted opening hours will no longer apply to banks. Hotels will be able to host events with attendance of up to 50% of normal levels, and restaurants will be allowed to add extra tables in outdoor dining areas. Starting next Wednesday, open-air sporting events will be permitted, while indoor venues such as theaters will be allowed to open at up to 30% capacity from May 17. Children’s parties at party halls with up to 50 guests will be allowed starting May 27 as long as the risk level in Mexico City doesn’t increase, and public expos will be permitted as of the same date with attendance capped at 30% of normal levels. The shift to yellow will bring Mexico City in line with the majority of Mexico’s states. On the map currently in force, 20 states are yellow, six are orange and six are low-risk green. The federal Health Ministry will present an updated map at Friday night’s coronavirus press briefing. The national coronavirus situation has also improved considerably in recent weeks: the number of new cases reported in April was 30% lower than March while Covid-19 deaths were down 22%. Mexico’s accumulated case tally rose to almost 2.36 million on Thursday with 2,846 new cases reported. The official Covid-19 death toll increased by 166 to 218,173. However, a new analysis by the Institute for Health Metrics and Evaluation at the University of Washington School of Medicine puts Mexico’s real death toll at over 600,000. Meanwhile, Mexico’s national Covid-19 vaccination program continues to make progress in inoculating the adult population, with the first doses given to people aged 50–59 this week. A total of about 20.5 million doses had been administered by Thursday night, including more than 1 million in Mexico City. Most of the doses have gone to people aged 60 and over and frontline health workers. Mexico had received 26.6 million doses of five different vaccines, meaning that about three-quarters of those delivered had been used by late Thursday. Source: MexicoNewsDaily.com
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Points to keep in mind while hiring an SEO agency

SEO means Search Engine Optimization. SEO Agencies like Scott Keever SEO Cincinnati help you to increase your business. They generate leads for your company. They allow you to improve your sales, store visits, and phone calls through search. Points to Consider While Hiring SEO Professionals Cost: You should set a marketing budget before looking for marketing professionals. This way, you will not overspend on these professionals. Once the budget is set, short-list professionals’ names and see that you do not overpay. It would be best if you studied the average cost of all SEO Companies in your area. Most of the SEO Companies charge per month. Some of them charge per hour also. Per hour costs you more. So it is better to go for a long term contract. Reputation: Before hiring an SEO professional, you should check the reputation of the company. Some unprofessional agencies make false promises. They might be careless in their execution of the job. They might even charge you more. It is easier to find reputed SEO companies. Search for SEO companies in your area with high star ratings. You can even check the reviews on Google. Read all the reviews of the company very carefully. Then you can short-list the companies as per your need. Experience: It is the most important factor. Experience does not mean the number of years they have put in this business. But you should check the number of clients they are handling. Experienced professionals know exactly how to generate leads for their clients. They also handle their purchases, store visits, etc. Google upgrades its algorithm every year at least 500 to 600 times. Changes happen on a daily basis. SEO Agencies keep up with these changes. Promises: To bring in more visibility, SEO Agencies work to precision with the search engine. Ranking depends wholly on the search engine. Marketers can influence only one aspect of the equation. Some agencies may falsely promise you the first-page ranking within a short time. SEO Agencies need to take effort and time. It is difficult to tell you how long it will take for a website to give you top-ranking. Never hire an Agency that offers you concrete promises. Select an agency that provides you a strong strategy depending on your needs. Authority: Select a professional SEO for your marketing out of those visible online. Successful SEO Agencies take an active part in the business. They take part in discussions. They attend all the conferences. They publish the proper contents. It is always better to check an agency’s publication profile to choose the best agency. Look for professionals who have posted on websites. Websites such as INC, Search Engine Land, Search Engine General and Entrepreneur. They always upgrade the latest search on these topics. They also come up with new strategies and fresh insights. Communication: If you have a website, you need a marketing partner, i.e., SEO experts who will communicate well with you. During the consultation, they should be honest and open. They should be honest with their pricing and quotes. They should respond quickly to all the correspondence. They should have a dedicated contact person or an account manager. They should provide regular reports on active campaigns. They should have many modes to communicate like emails, phones, social media, chat-box. This good communication reduces your stress. Maintenance: According to customers’ demands, these search engines keep changing. SEO Agencies should make these changes frequently. This will keep your website on high ranking. Before hiring an SEO Agency, always check the maintenance packages they provide. They should be able to maintain your rank on the website.
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The main stages of software development

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